A fine leafed form of coriander

Coriander, also known as cilantro and Chinese parsley, is one of the most ancient herbs still in use today. It is also claimed by some to be the world’s most widely used herb. Whether this is true or not, coriander leaves and seeds are essential to the cuisine of central and southern America, South-East and northern Asia as well as India and the Middle East.
History
Coriander comes originally from southern Europe where the seeds have been used for centuries, but the leaves were not usually used. Coriander seeds have been found in Egyptian tombs dating from more than 3000 years ago. The Egyptians cultivated coriander in their gardens and offered it at funeral ceremonies. It was used by Hippocrates and other Greek physicians as early as the fifth century B. C., while the Chinese considered that coriander had the ability to bestow immortality. This plant has the distinction of being one of the few herbs mentioned in the Old Testament Num. 11:7
“Now the manna was like coriander seed.”
The botanical and common name, coriander, comes from the Greek word koris which means ‘bug’. This presumably relates to the fact that the smell and flavour of coriander has been unfavourably compared with that of stink bugs.
This erect annual herb has lower leaves that are rounded and lobed, while the upper leaves are linear and finely dissected. Small flat umbels of pale pink flowers appear from mid-summer, and these are followed by fruits that are small green berries and which become brown and ridged when fully ripe. These drop very quickly once they are ripe and will self sow readily. The whole plant contains a fragrant volatile oil. There are now several cultivars that vary in flavour, size and tendency to bolt to seed in hot conditions.

Coriander starts with flat parsley-like leaves but older leaves are slender and deeply divided.

Growing and harvesting
Grow coriander from seed sown in spring or autumn. Although I prefer autumn because then you get months of harvesting before they even think about going to seed. Plant the seed where you want the plants to grow as plants don’t like being moved. Seed can take a while to germinate and it may be several weeks before the first young leaves appear. Thin to about 15 cm between plants. In areas with hot, dry summers, seedlings will go to seed very quickly, so in these places coriander is best planted in autumn. Coriander does well in any good, nutrient-rich soil that is well drained. In most regions in Australia, coriander does best in partial shade, but in cooler regions grow it in full sun. Keep well watered. Start harvesting leaves after about 30 days. Leaves have the best flavour while the stems are still soft and before the flowers start to form. Whole plants can be harvested for their roots at the same time. As the seeds ripen towards the end of summer their strong odour gives way to a sweet, orangy scent, when crushed. The seeds need to be harvested quickly, as they turn from green to brown, before they drop. Cut off the whole seed head and hang upside down in a paper bag, in a dry, airy, shaded position. When the seeds are dry, strip them from the stems and store in an airtight container out of direct light.
Cooking and eating
Coriander is a nutritious herb rich in calcium, phosphorous, beta carotene and vitamin C. It has an unusual, very strong taste when fresh, and both the leaves and roots are commonly used in Asian cooking. Leaves are used as garnish and to add fragrance to soups, meat dishes and particularly fish dishes. They are always added towards the end of the cooking process. Don’t bother drying the leaves as they don’t keep their flavour. The Chinese use leaves in dim sum stuffing and in soup. The Vietnamese use fresh coriander leaves in soups, salads and noodle dishes. Thais add fresh roots to a range of dishes and a combination of coriander root, garlic and pepper all crushed together is an essential seasoning in many Thai dishes. The dried seed has a sweet, almost orangy, taste and is an important ingredient of most curry spice mixes. Ground coriander, cumin and turmeric are the basic ingredients of most curry powders. The flavour of the seeds is enhanced if they are lightly cooked in a dry frying pan and then crushed just before they are to be used. Dried powdered seed is used to disguise the flavour of some of the more unpleasant medicines, and chewing the seed stimulates gastric juices and aids digestion. Bruised seeds can be applied externally to rheumatic joints to relieve the pain. They are also used in baking to flavour bread and cakes, in confectionary and to flavour liquers.

Ingredients for coriander and salmon dip

Coriander and salmon dip

from Growing Easy Herbs for Beauty Fragrance and Flavour
handful of fresh coriander leaves
1 small tin pink salmon (about 105 gm)
3 tablespoons of spreadable cream cheese (about 150 gm)
1 tablespoon lemon juice
sprig of coriander
dry biscuits or corn chips for dipping
1) Finely chop the coriander and place into a bowl.
2) Drain the liquid from the salmon and add to the coriander, then add the cream cheese and lemon juice.
3) Mash with a fork or puree with a food blender until a smooth paste is formed.
4) Place into a small decorative bowl, garnish with coriander leaves and serve with biscuits or corn chips for dipping.
Other herbs that can be added to this and other dips are basil, borage flowers, chives, dill, fennel, garlic leaves or cloves, lemon balm, parsley, salad burnet and tree onion leaves.

Garlic 'New Zealand Purple' is a more cold tolerant variety

Now is the time to plant garlic. Don’ t wait until the shortest day as this is generally too late. Anytime from now until the end of May is fine.
I am planting some early garlic now, and in another month some of my home-grown from last year and a month after that some more. I want to make sure that I have my own fresh garlic available all year round.

Why grow your own?
— We are all used to the idea that tomatoes eaten straight from the garden taste so much better than the supermarket variety. Well the same is true for garlic.
— Garlic is easy to grow and takes up very little space.
— All imported garlic is sprayed with methyl bromide when it comes into Australia, not only does methyl bromide deplete ozone, but it is also harmful to humans. As well as this, much of our imported garlic comes from China where pesticides are routinely used, and only 5% of vegetables imported from China are checked for chemical residue.

Preparation
Choose a spot that gets plenty of sun and prepare the soil by adding well-rotted manure and some blood and bone and compost. Garlic hates growing in soggy soil, so make sure the soil is well-drained. If the drainage is not good then create a raised mound and plant the cloves into this.

Some of the garlic bulb varieties I am planting

Which garlic?
Most garlic that you find in supermarkets has also been sprayed with sprout inhibitors so that they don’t sprout during storage. This means that they sprout at the wrong time of the year (usually spring) when it is too late to plant them. So buy organic garlic from you local green grocer or buy it from a reputable seed supplier. This year both Diggers and Green Harvest are selling a good range of organic garlic. Garlic does best in the southern states. Like onions, garlic bulbs begin to swell as day length increases, this means that many garlic varieties are not suitable for warmer regions like Northern NSW and Queensland. One day length neutral variety that does well in these regions is Glenn large or Southern Glenn.
Most varieties fall into two groups, hard neck or soft neck. The hard neck varieties have a central stem that produces a flower head. This flower head contains bulbils, not flowers. Hard neck types have larger, but fewer, cloves per head, are easier to peel but don’t keep for as long (about 4 months) as soft neck types. Soft neck types do not produce a flower stem and have smaller but more numerous cloves. Bulbs keep for about seven months.

I use a 'dibber' to make the hole for the garlic clove.

Plant the clove pointy end up.

Plant garlic well below the surface of the soil

Planting
Make holes in the soil about 15cm apart. I like to use the dibber that I use to plant bulbs, but your finger or a small trowel will do. Break the bulb into the individual cloves, do not remove the skin from the clove, and plant with the pointy end up so that the top of the clove is the length of the clove under the soil. Cover with dirt and water well, but don’t water again until the cloves have started growing otherwise they may rot in the soil. When the green leaves are well above the soil, mulch with pea straw, lucerne hay or sugar cane mulch.

Now sit back and let them grow, just checking occasionally to make sure they are growing strongly.
I will write again in a few months to tell you about what happens next. If you want to know more about garlic, how to cook with it and it’s fascinating history as well as other Allium plants like onions, shallots and leeks you could purchase my book Garlic and friends from the shop.

The following recipe, one of my favourites, comes from Garlic and friends

Baked Chicken with Forty Garlic Cloves

I large fresh chicken
salt and freshly ground black pepper
small bunch of herbs — lemon thyme, parsley, bay leaf, sage and French tarragon
40 unpeeled cloves of garlic
half a cup of olive oil
I cup of flour mixed to a thick paste with a quarter cup of water
crusty fresh bread

Remove the giblets, neck and any excess fat from the chicken. Rub the salt and pepper on the inside and outside. Place the bunch of herbs and four cloves of garlic inside the chicken. Into a casserole dish just big enough to hold the chicken, pour the oil and spread the rest of the garlic cloves evenly ove the bottom. Gently heat the oil and then put the chicken into the dish, turning it so that it is coated with oil. Put the lid on the casserole dish and seal it to the base with the flour and water mixture.
Place in a pre-heated, moderate oven and cook for one and a half hours. Remove from the oven and open the dish by breaking the crust. Carve the chicken and serve with the juices, the baked cloves of garlic and some crusty bread. The soft, sweet flesh of the garlic cloves is simply eaten by squeezing it out of the skin. It has a delicious nutty flavour.

Serves 4

Hard neck garlic 'Mammoth Purple' has large succulent cloves